Dutch Revolt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dutch Revolt - Essay Example In Middle Ages there were tree free dukedoms: Gelderland and Brabant, regions of Holland, Zeeland and Flanders, and episcopacy of Utrecht. In 1370 so as to secure own advantages the urban areas of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht just as the episcopacy of Utrecht set up exchanging political Hanseatic League. It did practically speaking the intermediation between West, North and East Europe and had an exchanging authority Northern Europe. In the XV century there was a start of state principle political organizations arrangement. The protoplast of future parliament - The States-General - was encircled in 1463. Since 1482 the domain of Nederland was a piece of Habsburg's domain, and since 1556 a piece of Spanish Habsburg's domain. During the hours of Charles V regiment (1500 - 1558), there was finished the procedure of reconciliation with contemporary Belgium and Luxemburg and later on framed the one and unified province of Hole Roman Empire. In this timeframe the expression Dutch Republic appeared. In monetarily created locales there were flowed fiscal lease and various types of transient rent; there were framed the request for ranchers who accomplish for on the enterprising premise. There was framing the bourgeoisie and was sprouting low class. The working class (from Latin proles, posterity) is a term used to distinguish a lower social class; an individual from such a class is common. Initially it was distinguished as those individuals who had no riches other than their children; the term was at first utilized from an injurious perspective, until Karl Marx utilized it as a sociological term to allude to the working class2.Notwithstanding Spanish specialists were continually attempting to suspend the advancement of Netherlands. There was investigation placed vigorously, all individuals that were sleeping smell with it were put to torment. In this season of otherworldly persecution and political compulsion in Netherlands the new religion tenet of Calvinism, that is an arrangeme nt of Christian religious philosophy and a way to deal with Christian life and thought inside the Protestant convention enunciated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the sixteenth century, and along these lines by replacements, partners, devotees and admirers of Calvin, his understanding of Scripture, and point of view on Christian life and theology3. Calvinism got its expansive spread and restricted itself to philosophical arrangement of Catholicism.Impassioned and filled inside with strict dissent the number of inhabitants in Netherlands energized heathen development pulverizing symbols, sculptures of Saints and different issues of religion clique. . Consigned Spanish vindicatory armed force began the severest fear. At last it blazed up the across the country war, which got the name of Eighty Years War or Dutch Revolt (1566 - 1648).The research facility development was going by William of Orange. It ought to be referenced that the battle against Spanish enslavers pushed forw ard the expansion of national hesitance. Precisely this timeframe is associated with happening to Dutch country and language.

Animal Farm Equality

The epic being talked about is called â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell. He is an English author, writer, columnist and pundit. His work is notable around the globe for his, consciousness of Social Injustice, resistance to Totalitarianism, and his duty to Democratic Socialism. The book â€Å"Animal Farm† mirrors the occasions that happen, all things considered, which paves the way to the Russian Revolution of 1917. This tale is about creatures tossing over the people and controlling themselves. Napoleon and Boxer are genuine instances of a Leader and Follower.Napoleon is a manipulative and force Hungry pioneer who removes the animal’s rights while his devotee Boxer is dedicated and a genuine adherent of his pioneer yet toward the end his valuable life is lost from workaholic behavior. The pioneer picked to be talked about is Napoleon and as per the novel Napoleon is working admirably however his manipulative ways is devastating the uniformity in the Animal Farm . He raised Jesse and Bluebells young doggies into horrendous assault hounds which will assist him with keeping control over different animals in the farm.An case of crushing the balance in the homestead is the point at which he exchanges with the people when it unmistakably said in the decrees that no animal will ever exchange with any human. Moreover, as per Orwell another Commandment said that â€Å"No creature will execute another animal† (Page 17), yet Napoleon changed that to â€Å"No creature will murder another creature with no reason. † These progressions that he makes to the Commandments unmistakably demonstrate that Napoleon is taking the creatures equity rights away. The adherent picked to be talked about is Boxer and as indicated by the novel Boxer is the animal that works the hardest in the farm.His aphorism is â€Å"I will work harder,† and he is the animal that contributes the most to all the accomplishment of the homestead. He does never for eve n a second understand that he is being denied of his uniformity by Napoleon since he generally accepts that Napoleon is their pioneer and that he will never not be right. Towards the finish of the novel his lungs give in from buckling down and the various creatures observe weakly as he is sent to his demise. Fighter never understands that his opportunity is being removed and his convictions impact every other person that Boxer is correct and they never understand the truth.In end, the force covetous pioneer Napoleon despite everything rules the Animal homestead with progressively modified rules which remove the animal’s opportunity and equity rights. As indicated by the novel Boxer’s honest soul is up in paradise and the Animal Farm is very far and away more terrible condition than it was when Mr. Jones was their lord. Napoleon and his supposed authorities picked up such a great amount of control over the working creatures that they began to abuse it and the reason to oust the people and rule themselves truly is to no end in light of the fact that there is one pioneer who governed over everybody and took their opportunity from them.

How Long Does Lortab Stay in Your System

How Long Does Lortab Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print How Long Does Lortab Stay in Your System? Lortab in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 23, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Mladen Zivkovic/ Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand How Long Does It Take to Feel Effects? How Long Does Lortab Last? Factors That Affect Detection Time How to Get Lortab Out of Your System Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top Lortab is a combination drug prescribed to relieve moderate to severe pain. It combines the opiate hydrocodone with acetaminophen (Lortab) or with aspirin (Lortab ASA). Similar hydrocodone-acetaminophen combination products include Anexsia, Anolor DH, Lorcet, Norco, Vicodin, and Zydone. The main difference between these medications is the amounts of hydrocodone and acetaminophen contained in one dose. Drugs that contain hydrocodone like Lortab are classified as Schedule II drugs, meaning they are considered to have a high potential for misuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. While this medication is in your system, you are at risk for drug interactions and overdoses. Knowing how long Lortab is present in the body can help you understand and avoid these risks. How Long Does Lortab Stay in Your System? Blood: Up to 24 hoursUrine: Up to three daysSaliva: Up to three daysHair: Up to 90 days Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Treating Pain How Long Does It Take to Feel Effects? Lortab is taken as an oral tablet, so the drug must first pass through the digestive system before it takes effect. The acetaminophen component of Lortab is absorbed rapidly from the gastrointestinal tract and start having pain-relieving effects within 30 minutes. The hydrocodone in Lortab acts more slowly, but usually begins working within 30 to 60 minutes of ingestion. The package insert for Lortab suggests that following a 10mg oral dose, the hydrocodone component reaches peak blood concentration levels 1.3 hours after ingestion.?? The pain-relieving effects usually last between four and six hours. How Long Does Lortab Last? Determining exactly how long Lortab is active or detectable in the body depends on many variables.  The acetaminophen in Lortab has a half-life in the blood of about one and a quarter to three hours. This is the time in which half of it is no longer acting in your system. The exact half-life can vary depending on a number of factors, including how well your liver functions. Hydrocodone is processed by the liver and broken down into metabolites including hydromorphone and norhydrocodone. Approximately 85% of a single dose is eliminated through urine within 24 hours.?? Hydrocodone has a half-life of about four hours; it takes five to six half-lives to eliminate most of the drug from your system. That said, hydrocodone can be detected in the urine for up to three days. If you take a urine drug screen while you are taking Lortab, it is likely to test positive for opiates. Be sure to disclose your medications to the testing laboratory so they can interpret your test accurately. Urine Lortab will show up on the standard drug screenings that are commonly administered in employment, forensic, and medical settings. It is detectable by urine tests for up to three days after last use, although individual detection windows can vary depending on factors including metabolism and frequency of use. Blood Blood tests are used less frequently than urine screenings. While the detection windows are much shorter, blood tests may be used in some cases to help confirm an unexpected positive result on a urine test. Blood tests can usually only detect the presence of hydrocodone for up to 24 hours after the last dose. Saliva Hydrocodone is detectable in oral fluid for up to three days after the last dose of Lortab.  Like urine tests, saliva tests are fairly non-invasive and inexpensive to administer. However, Lortab can also cause side effects such as dry mouth, which can impact the ability to collect an adequate sample. Hair As with other substances, the hydrocodone component of Lortab is detectable through a hair follicle test for as long as 90 days. Hair tests are not normally part of a standard drug screen but may be used in some cases to evaluate past drug use. False Positive Testing While a useful, simple, and inexpensive tool, immunoassay urine drug screens can return false-positive results. Quinolone antibiotics such as levofloxacin and ofloxacin can cause a false-positive opiate screening.?? The consumption of poppy seeds can cause a false positive test result for opiates. While only present in trace amounts, poppy seeds do contain enough codeine and morphine to show up on enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests that are often used in workplace and medical drug screenings.?? Certain medications, including allergy drugs containing diphenhydramine and doxylamine, can also produce false positives for opiates. Tell the testing lab about any medications that you are currently taking or if you have consumed poppy seeds in any form so that they are able to accurately interpret your test results. Factors That Affect Detection Time It is important to remember that the above detection windows are just estimates. There are a number of different variables that can influence how long Lortab will remain in your system. Age The prescribing information for Lortab suggests that there is not enough research on whether the drug affects the elderly differently.?? However, since the drug is excreted primarily by the kidneys and because older adults are more likely to have decreased renal function, this may mean that the drug stays in an older persons system for a longer period of time.   Metabolism Overall metabolism plays a critical role in determining how long a substance remains in the body. People with faster metabolisms tend to process substances more quickly, while those with slower metabolisms may have slower clearance rates. Fluid Intake Because Lortab is excreted primarily by the kidneys, the amount of fluid you take in can impact how quickly the drug is flushed out of your body. It can also impact how detectable substances are by diluting the amount that is in your urine. Liver and Kidney Function Hydrocodone and acetaminophen are both processed by the liver and excreted by the kidneys, so decreased hepatic or renal function can extend how long these substances remain in your system. Dosage and Duration of Use The amount of Lortab you are taking and how long you have been taking it also plays a major role in how long it can be detected in your body. It takes longer for higher doses to clear your system. If you have been taking Lortab for a while, it may build up in the tissues of your body, making it detectable for a longer period of time. Other Medications and Substances Alcohol and other substances can interact with hydrocodone and acetaminophen in Lortab and extend the detection time of these substances. Because your body may be trying to process multiple substances at the same time, it can slow down your bodys ability to effectively metabolize and excrete each substance. In particular, drugs that affect the pathway cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) make it more difficult for your body to process and clear hydrocodone.?? How to Get Lortab Out of Your System There are some reasons why you might want to get Lortab out of your system more quickly, such as if you are planning to switch to different medications or taking another medication containing acetaminophen or hydrocodone. Making sure that you are well hydrated, eating a healthy diet, and getting regular exercise may help improve your bodys ability to metabolize and eliminate your medications more efficiently.   The first step to eliminating Lortab from your system is to stop taking it, but you should always talk to your doctor before you take this step.   Symptoms of Overdose One reason that it is important to know how long Lortab remains in the system is its potential to interact with other drugs. If the pain-killing effects of Lortab wear off, but the drug is still in the system, an overdose is possible if you take more of the drug or another drug containing the same ingredients too soon. The following are some of the symptoms that can occur with a Lortab overdose: Difficulty breathingSlowed or stopped breathingExcessive sleepinessSpasms of the stomach or intestinal tractDizzinessFaintingLimp or weak musclesLiver failureNarrowing or widening of the pupilsCold, clammy skinSeizuresSlow or stopped heartbeatStomach and intestinal spasmsBlue color of skin, fingernails, lipsLoss of consciousness or coma If You Suspect an Overdose Seek immediate medical help. Do not make the person vomit unless specifically told to do so by poison control (1-800-222-1222), a health care professional, or 911.It would be helpful to provide the following information if you can. Dont delay in calling for help to gather it, however:The persons age, weight, and health condition(s)Name of the product taken (ingredients and strength, if known)The time it was swallowedAmount swallowedIf the medication was prescribed for the patient Understanding Opioid Overdoses Overdose Treatment If someone experiencing a suspected Lortab overdose is taken to the emergency room, their vital signsâ€"including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressureâ€"will be monitored closely and their symptoms treated as appropriate. How well the overdose victim recovers will depend on how much of the drug they took and how quickly treatment was administered. The sooner they receive medical help, the better the prognosis. The prompt administration of the opioid-blocking drug naloxone (Narcan) can often reverse the overdose symptoms quite dramatically. How to Help Someone If They Overdose on Opioids Risk of Drug Interactions Taking Lortab carries the risk of dangerous interactions with a number of different substances including alcohol and other prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. You must not drink alcohol, take any medication containing alcohol, or use street drugs while you are taking Lortab or you risk life-threatening reactions. You should carefully review the list of the non-prescription and prescription drugs that you take (preferably with your doctor or pharmacist) to look for acetaminophen or paracetamol on the label. Interactions With Hydrocodone Some medications can interact with the hydrocodone in Lortab to produce breathing problems, sedation, or coma. You should avoid benzodiazepines, including Xanax (alprazolam), Librium (chlordiazepoxide), Klonopin (clonazepam), Diastat (diazepam), Valium (diazepam), Ativan (lorazepam), Restoril (temazepam), Halcion (triazolam), and others. Muscle relaxants, sedatives, sleeping pills, tranquilizers, and medicines for mental illness or nausea are also some of the drugs that interact with hydrocodone. Interactions With Other Acetaminophen-Containing Drugs While acetaminophen is found in over-the-counter products like Tylenol and some OTC cold and flu preparations, it has a narrow safety range. If you take more than 4000 milligrams in a day, you risk irreversible liver damage and even death. Often, people who have experienced this type of liver injury report that they didnt realize how much acetaminophen they were getting in aggregate from a variety of over-the-counter and prescription drugs. Combination drugs like Lortab are now limited to no more than 325mg of acetaminophen per tablet, capsule, or dosage unit to help prevent a dangerous overdose, but you should still take care to avoid any other medications containing acetaminophen while taking Lortab. Getting Help Taking Lortab can lead to physical dependence, even if you take your medication as directed. When your body becomes dependent on a drug, you need to continue taking it in order to avoid experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Always talk to your doctor if you want to decrease your dose or stop taking Lortab. Symptoms of opioid withdrawal can include: Runny noseMuscle achesFatigueChillsSweatingVomitingDiarrhea These symptoms can feel like having the flu and usually lasts for about five to seven days. When stopping Lortab, your doctor may want to gradually reduce your dose, a process known as tapering, in order to minimize these symptoms.   If you think you may be dependent or addicted to Lortab or other opioid medications,  talk to your doctor about your treatment options. Your doctor can help you stop taking your medication safely, manage your withdrawal symptoms, and find other pain relief options. Inpatient and outpatient services are also available that can help support your long-term recovery. If you need help finding treatment services in your area, reach out to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) at 1-800-662-4357 or try their online treatment locator. Treatment for Opioid Addiction

California s Implementation Of Children s Health...

The state of California is active in the payment and delivery system reform. Of the 38 million residents in California, more than 15 million receive care through delegated arrangements with provider organizations in the commercial market, or through Medi-Cal (California’s Medicaid program), Healthy Families (California’s implementation of Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)), and Medicare Advantage plans (California Health Care Almanac, 2015). For the past decade, California’s reimbursement has been through shared risk pool, pay-for-performance quality incentive programs, and full and partial capitation (Pegany Connolly, 2014). Pegany Connolly (2014) state that under the Accountable Care Collaborative (ACO) programs, providers and hospitals don’t want assume additional risk, and reward does not outweigh the risk and investments costs. To increase the potential and impact of ACA reform, California policymakers should take advantage of the ACA delivery and payment reforms, and do so will require careful attention. The Medicaid health home state The Medicaid health home state plan option looks promising for the state of California. This expands beyond the traditional medical homes model, that in many states, have developed in their Medicaid programs. It offers home health services to eligible individual with chronic conditions, with flexibility in selecting home providers (Medicaid.gov, n.d.). States participating in this option must require that hospitals whoShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Tobacco Cessation And Its Effects On Health And Well Being Of The Community Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesproposed multiple solutions to reach this goal. This program aims at redesigning the Medicaid system through domains that introduce new facets that build off of new or old projects. 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Data Collection and its Importance AsRead MoreThe Impact Of Medicaid Expansion On Pregnant Mothers And Their Newborn Children1700 Words   |  7 Pagespregnant mothers and their newborn children. Issues explored were the history Medicaid, current perceptions regarding the program and its recipients, the benefits of Medicaid and the reasons that some states have chosen to opt out of the expansion. The methodology used for this study was to research peer reviewed articles and journals to determine the positive and negative effects of Medicaid expansion and compare data from states that have implemented program expansion to those states that haveRead MoreIs Family Paid Leave?1533 Words   |  7 Pagesonly after the â€Å"no fault† divorce implementation by California in 1969 and its subsequent adoption by other states in 1970 that divorce rates increased to 3.5 per thousand over the subsequent nine years. Divorce rates peaked at 5.3 per thousand with the average declining to 4.0 in 2000 and dropping as low as 3.2 in 2014. Sociologists have estimated that if we as a country had not adopted the â€Å"no fault† divorce of the seventies; there would be 750,000 less children retained, a 1.2 million decline inRead MoreShould Illegal Immigrants Have Access to Health Care?2988 Words   |  12 Pagesfunded healthcare services in the United States, cause a financial drain not only on the healthcare system but also the national economy. For example, FAIR (Federation for American Immigration) estimates that the cost of reimbursed medical care in California in 2004 was about $1.4 billion and $.85 billion in Texas, with one of the frequent costs to U.S. taxpayers being the delivery of babies to illegal alien mothers. 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Liberalism And The Ethical And Logical Level Essay

One of the fundamental contradictions and issues in Liberalism is the question of the power and neutrality of the state. Liberal neutrality can be understood as the idea that a neoliberal state should not promote any specific concept of perfectionism, social utopia or the ‘’good’’. This is concept is often used in critiques of multiculturalism and collective rights movements. We will be discussing the theories of some liberal authors such as John Rawls, Locke, Mill, Nozick, and Waldron among others whose philosophies clash on the ethical and logical level. We will discuss the following proposal; ‘’the government can no more act†¦ to advance human excellence, or the values of perfection†¦ than it can to advance Catholicism or Protestantism, or any other religion’ (John Rawls). We will then attempt to answer the following questions; why do so many liberals think the state must be ‘neutral’ and what do they mean by it? And why do some liberals disagree? By the conclusion of this essay we aim to have discussed the different liberal stances on state neutrality, such as in classical liberalism or libertarianism. As well as having presented the social domains where state neutrality is proposed among other things. In a first part, discuss various social contract and human nature theories in liberal discourse, paying specific attention to the differences in principles of theory. In a second part, we will argue in favour of the rejection of the notion of state neutrality within theShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment and Societys Views Essay849 Words   |  4 Pageshe has no facts to back anything up. In many essays, diction helps determine the quality of a piece. However, in this case, the big, â€Å"fancy† words make it harder to follow. Mencken sounds condescending, as if to say the reader isn’t on the same level as he is. 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Postmodern Consumerism and the Construction of Self Essay...

1. Introduction The words of proverbial wisdom indicate that â€Å"home is where the heart is.† But is this statement as true today as it was fifty, one hundred, or even one hundred fifty years ago? This statement might not be so true anymore. Nowadays, we travel so much and â€Å"leave our heart† in many places, as we make friends and create great memories everywhere we go. This led me to ask the question of what actually is a home in the modern society, particularly in the specific case of transnationally mobile students. In exploring this idea I focus on their consumption choices and their importance to building or preserving identity. As Todd (2012:48) reinforces in her article suggestively entitled â€Å"You Are What You Buy: Postmodern Consumerism†¦show more content†¦Being away from my home, I came to the realization that this particular topic has a lot of potential. Not only students are transiting from their homes, but along with their departures, they are assuming an overall transition. Leaving behind their culture, familiar places and loved ones, students might feel that their identity is also changing, transforming. As I started to read more and more about this topic and other similar studies (Sixsmith, 1986; Cuba and Hummon, 1993; Hanssen and Danielsen, 2004; Hauge and Kolstad, 2007; Woodward, 2011; Lincoln, 2012; McCarthy et al., 2013), I realized the need for more exploration in this field, especially with a focus on young people. Therefore, my thesis’ first chapter will focus on some of the theoretical perspectives related to â€Å"Consumerism† and â€Å"Identity.† After that, another section will develop on the concept of â€Å"Home† and its various meanings. The importance of objects will be pointed out and linked within these sections. The next chapter, Methodology, will present my â€Å"Philosophical Considerations†, along with my choice of methods. I think we live in times where images have a great impact so I decided use this to my advantage, by using participatory visual methods, such as auto-photography and photo elicitation. The Analysis chapter will be structured in three parts: an introduction, followed by a section with a focus on my research participants andShow MoreRelatedDifferences and Similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism863 Words   |  3 Pagestraditional forms of literature, religion, social organization, and most of all, art and architecture, had become outdated in the new social, political, and economic environment of a fully industrialised world. One of the main characteristics of Modernism is self-consciousness, which typically caused exstensive experimentations of form and function. The creative process of generating work was also explored, forming new techniques in design. 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Shed Light On The Ethical Dimension Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Shed Light On The Ethical Dimension. Answer: Introduction Common-based peer production can be described as a socio-economic system of production that is appearing under the environment that is networked digitally. The hallmark of the socio-economic system enabled by the technical uses of internet can be seen as an alliance among the large corporations that are at times range from the order of hundreds to thousands; who work together effectively to share knowledge, information and cultural goods without depending on the managerial hierarchy or on the market pricing in order to coordinate their shared enterprise. It is seen that there are presence of various reasons to understand the unique production system that that has made some effective software, unique technologies for the betterment of the system (Levitt 2017). The purpose of this essay is to shed light on the ethical dimension rather than focusing on the functional dimension. It is seen that Deliverwoo and Uber are two such platform based peer production system and in recent times the platform economies are growing significantly. Discussion Deliveroo is a business organization that has been seen to get accusations regarding unethical actions and the management of the business organization stated that the delivery boys of the institution should be seen as independent workers as they should be treated as self-employed individuals as they get paid in a commission basis. The business model of Deliveroo is a platform based peer production that is similar to the business operation of Uber. The management of Deliveroo and Uber pays thousands of people on a commission basis for Delivering products or driving for the clients and thus they tried to avoid the allegations. It is a matter of fact that the provided guidance to the organization Deliveroo made their own employes getting confused regarding the roles and responsibility of the riders who are responsible to deliver the goods to the clients of the company. These guidelines were given to the organization in order to check and satisfy the dos and the donts of the business org anization. These are clearly unethical actions taken by the management to save the brand-value of the company and as a result of these, the image of the company got lowered and the reputation of the organization got ruined (Levitt 2017). The business organization had also got accusations regarding poor working environment and hostile actions of the male employees on the female employees. Facing this immensely significant challenge the HR department did not take a proper action. However when the news became public, the management of the organization arranged an investigation and took actions against 20 employees who were accused of disrupting the working ambience of the business organization (The Conversation, 2018). In a press meet the management of Uber disclosed the identities of the employees who were terminated by the management in order to cleanse the image of the brand. The management initially thought that by improving the public relation they will be able to get away with the allegation s they have received in recent times (Constantiou, Marton and Tuunainen 2017). Apart from these there are several accusations against the organization regarding the drivers behavioral issues towards the clients of the organization. The management of Uber needs to be aware of the fact that the management needs to spend a fortune to improve the situation and to improve the safety features for both the clients and the drivers working under the organization to improve the situation. In this case it is seen that there is a strong resemblance in the way of expansion of the businesses of Amazon and Uber as they both earned their dominance in the market by rapid investing and providing service at a significantly cheap rate than the other competitors of the market (Graham and Woodcock 2018). It is a matter of fact that the business operations of Uber does not involve the above mentioned costs and rather introduced some new establishment costs in the relatively new market of the organizations operation (The Conversation, 2018). It is seen that Ubers rate of development in the previous financial year was nearing 12 million US dollars that has been raised from various types of investors be it individuals or the institutions lie banks. It can be said that the payment structure for the riders should be in a form of the digital invoice rather than the pay slips. This list that contains dos and the donts are already provided to the employees of the organization and can certainly claim to initiate legal actions against the organization of the distinction between the riders and the employees who are directly under the payroll of the company is not cleared (Butler, 2018). The permanent employees in this case certainly can demand more employment rights and various benefits that may include minimum wage and holidays, sick leaves with full payment and many others. It has been seen that approximately 20 riders filed complaints against the organizations that the organizations does not consider them as the employees of the organizations and on the other hand the management of the organization placed their view stating that those individuals were only commission based self-employed people (Constantiou, Marton and Tuunainen 2017 ). It has been seen that at a time almost 200 riders of Deliveroo protested to get the status of employees of the organization as it is compulsory for them to wear uniforms during their shift and gets fixed rate for delivering the products. These are the gray areas of unethical actions taken by the managements of organizations like Uber and Deliveroo. It is to be mentioned that the operations of the companies based on the platform based peer production system like Uber and Deliveroo can be analyzed by the application of the principles of several ethical theories. Ethical theories provide guidance about making ethically correct decisions and also aim to analyze whether the operations of individuals or companies alike are in line with ethical principles. The theory of Utilitarianism states that while taking an ethical decision, it has to be kept in mind that the consequences of such decision must produce the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people (Lazari-Radek and Singer 2017). The theory of Utilitarianism also states that the actions of individuals and organizations must ensure to maximize the god over the bad. Utilitarianism considers the best decision to be the one which yields the greatest net benefit. It is to be stated that while assessing the benefits the stake holders are to be taken into consideration. To calculate the Utility the consequences of each of the individuals acts are to be taken into consideration and the ultimately the summation of the consequences are to be considered (Barrow 2015). In case of the company Uber the primary stake holders are the drivers and the customers who are the most essential elements of their business. However, Ubers decision to ignore the needs of the drivers and providing safety to the customers in order to avoid the costs to be incurred in the process can be considered unethical. The business model of Uber only focuses on the growth of the company and emerging in new markets however such business model does not have any scope for allocating funds to ensure that the ethical standards of business is met as the company has been facing huge losses (Lownsbrough 2018). Recently Uber has been charged with the claims of sexual harassments from employees and customers alike which provide evidence that the companys policy does not comply with ethical standards. The company Deliveroo has also been posed with claims of couriers. The company Deliveroo does not acknowledge the couriers who are instrumental to the success of the company as employees of the company. The company Deliveroo has claimed the couriers, who make deliveries and takeaways as independent contractors to avoid providing th em with employment benefits like holiday pay, leaves. Thus it can be stated that actions of the company are not in line with the principles of Utilitarianism as the operations of the company have failed to provide maximum benefits for the stakeholders (Mulgan 2014). Another Ethical theory that can be applied to assess the operations of the companies is the theory of virtue ethics. It is to be mentioned that the theory of virtue ethics is considered to be the one of the three major approaches of normative ethics. It primarily focuses on the moral character and virtues as opposed to other approaches that focus on duties, roles and consequences of actions of individuals and organizations alike (Van Hooft 2014). Just like consequentialists primarily attend to consequences and deontologists attend to duties proponents of virtue ethics attend to virtues and moral values. According to this theory, it can be stated that virtue can be considered to be a trait of a persons character which is very well entrenched in the possessor and cannot be acquired over time (Annas 2015). Thus by the application of the theory of virtue ethics it can be stated that Ubers action of not adhering to the needs of the drivers and the safety of the passengers can be considere d to be in violation of the principles of the theory of virtue ethics. The business model of Uber only focuses on the growth and development of the company in new markets and ignores the need for complying with the social standards due to improper allocation of resources and funds. The act of gender discrimination in the workplace and the claims of sexual harassments of the customers provide evidence about the unethical practices in the aforementioned companies. The act of not recognizing the couriers as the employees of the company Deliveroo is also against the principles of the ethical theory of virtue ethics. It can be stated according to this theory that the couriers are persons who make the food deliveries and are the ones who are instrumental in the success of the company and not recognizing them as employees for the purpose avoiding paying them employment benefits. This is against the principles of virtue ethics. It is unethical to treat the couriers as individual contractors who have to wear uniforms during the work shift, are paid a fixed wage rate. The movements of the couriers are also tracked by the company and are subjected to performance review. Therefore it can be said that the couriers of the company perform all the functions of employees but are recognized as independent contractor. Deontology theories are a series of ethical theories that primarily focus on the duties of the individuals to evaluate actions as right or wrong (Letwin et al. 2016). The theories of deontology do not consider the consequences of the actions of individuals as opposed to the theories of consequencialism. It is to be mentioned that the moral status of an act is not to be judged by the consequences of the act but rather the intentions of the agent who is performing the act. According to the theories of deontology it can be stated that morality of an individual involves the respect for the rights of individuals by the performance of their corresponding duties (Bowen and Prescott2015). The operations of Uber can be considered to be unethical judging by the principles of the theories of deontology. Ubers business plan cannot afford to allocate funds for providing safety to customers and rights to the drivers. It is the duty of the company to comply with the ethical standards however; the companys business plan primarily focuses on the growth of the company in new markets. The company Deliveroo also has the responsibility to the couriers to acknowledge them as employees as the company benefits from them. However Deliveroo addresses them as merely self employed contractors so as to avoid paying them the minimum wage rate as prescribed by the government and other employment benefits. Conclusion Thus it can be said that It is seen that there are numerous issues that hails from the ways of business operations of organizations like Deliveroo and Uber; and those issues are especially regarding the actions of the organizations like whether those are ethical or not. The business operation of Uber is backed up by the immense ambition of the management of the organization. Recently it has been experienced various times that the organizations got involved in various scandals that include sexual harassments and efforts to suppressing the evidences of such crimes. These are clearly unethical actions taken by the management to save the brand-value of the company and as a result of these, the image of the company got lowered and the reputation of the organization got ruined. Further by the application of the three ethical theories it can be stated that the operations of the businesses are clearly unethical. Bibliography Annas, J., 2015. Applying virtue to ethics.Journal of Applied Philosophy,32(1), pp.1-14. Barrow, R., 2015.Utilitarianism: A contemporary statement. Routledge. Bowen, S.A. and Prescott, P., 2015. Kants contribution to the ethics of communication.Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics,12, pp.38-44. Butler, S. (2018).Deliveroo accused of 'creating vocabulary' to avoid calling couriers employees. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/apr/05/deliveroo-couriers-employees-managers [Accessed 27 Feb. 2018]. Constantiou, I., Marton, A. and Tuunainen, V.K., 2017. Four Models of Sharing Economy Platforms.MIS Quarterly Executive,16(4). de Lazari-Radek, K. and Singer, P., 2017.Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Graham, M. and Woodcock, J., 2018. Towards a fairer platform economy: introducing the Fairwork Foundation. Letwin, C., Wo, D., Folger, R., Rice, D., Taylor, R., Richard, B. and Taylor, S., 2016. The right and the good in ethical leadership: Implications for supervisors performance and promotability evaluations.Journal of Business Ethics,137(4), pp.743-755. Levitt, T., 2017.The Company Citizen: Good for Business, Planet, Nation and Community. Routledge. Lownsbrough, H. (2018).Ubers practices are morally unacceptable but a boycott wont help | Hannah Lownsbrough.the Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/13/uber-practices-company-london-consumer-sumofus Mulgan, T., 2014.Understanding utilitarianism. Routledge. Solon, O. (2018).Uber fires more than 20 employees after sexual harassment investigation.the Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/06/uber-fires-employees-sexual-harassment-investigation Stanoevska-Slabeva, K., Lenz-Kesekamp, V. and Suter, V., 2017. Platforms and the Sharing Economy: An Analysis EU H2020 Research Project Ps2Share: Participation, Privacy, and Power in the Sharing Economy, 2017. The Conversation. (2018).Uber can't be ethical its business model won't allow it. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/uber-cant-be-ethical-its-business-model-wont-allow-it-85015 [Accessed 27 Feb. 2018]. Van Hooft, S., 2014.Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge.