California s Implementation Of Children s Health...

The state of California is active in the payment and delivery system reform. Of the 38 million residents in California, more than 15 million receive care through delegated arrangements with provider organizations in the commercial market, or through Medi-Cal (California’s Medicaid program), Healthy Families (California’s implementation of Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)), and Medicare Advantage plans (California Health Care Almanac, 2015). For the past decade, California’s reimbursement has been through shared risk pool, pay-for-performance quality incentive programs, and full and partial capitation (Pegany Connolly, 2014). Pegany Connolly (2014) state that under the Accountable Care Collaborative (ACO) programs, providers and hospitals don’t want assume additional risk, and reward does not outweigh the risk and investments costs. To increase the potential and impact of ACA reform, California policymakers should take advantage of the ACA delivery and payment reforms, and do so will require careful attention. The Medicaid health home state The Medicaid health home state plan option looks promising for the state of California. This expands beyond the traditional medical homes model, that in many states, have developed in their Medicaid programs. It offers home health services to eligible individual with chronic conditions, with flexibility in selecting home providers (Medicaid.gov, n.d.). States participating in this option must require that hospitals whoShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Tobacco Cessation And Its Effects On Health And Well Being Of The Community Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesproposed multiple solutions to reach this goal. This program aims at redesigning the Medicaid system through domains that introduce new facets that build off of new or old projects. Domain four primarily deals with the State s Prevention Agenda on its intended influence to population-wide health. A specific project introduced in this domain focuses on promoting tobacco use cessation in low socioeconomic status populations and those with poor mental health. The objective of this prevention project is toRead MoreThe Force Within Hospital Walls Paper1494 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment regulations that have generated complex billing systems adding up to what seems an incomprehensible puzzle (American Hospital Association, 2015). It seems to be a â€Å"mission impossible† in considering the voluminous amounts of data that the Health Information Management (HIM) and Patient Financial Service (PFS) departments must process and convert to an acceptable form for reimbursement. The heart and lungs of a hospital are the HIM and PFS departments. Data Collection and its Importance AsRead MoreThe Impact Of Medicaid Expansion On Pregnant Mothers And Their Newborn Children1700 Words   |  7 Pagespregnant mothers and their newborn children. Issues explored were the history Medicaid, current perceptions regarding the program and its recipients, the benefits of Medicaid and the reasons that some states have chosen to opt out of the expansion. The methodology used for this study was to research peer reviewed articles and journals to determine the positive and negative effects of Medicaid expansion and compare data from states that have implemented program expansion to those states that haveRead MoreIs Family Paid Leave?1533 Words   |  7 Pagesonly after the â€Å"no fault† divorce implementation by California in 1969 and its subsequent adoption by other states in 1970 that divorce rates increased to 3.5 per thousand over the subsequent nine years. Divorce rates peaked at 5.3 per thousand with the average declining to 4.0 in 2000 and dropping as low as 3.2 in 2014. Sociologists have estimated that if we as a country had not adopted the â€Å"no fault† divorce of the seventies; there would be 750,000 less children retained, a 1.2 million decline inRead MoreShould Illegal Immigrants Have Access to Health Care?2988 Words   |  12 Pagesfunded healthcare services in the United States, cause a financial drain not only on the healthcare system but also the national economy. For example, FAIR (Federation for American Immigration) estimates that the cost of reimbursed medical care in California in 2004 was about $1.4 billion and $.85 billion in Texas, with one of the frequent costs to U.S. taxpayers being the delivery of babies to illegal alien mothers. Opponents furthermore have argued that Americans have greater obligations to theirRead MoreEssay on Telepsychiatry: Improving Mental Health Possibilities1655 Words   |  7 Pagesas difficulties in classifying, diagnosing, and reporting mental disorders. Limitations to adequate mental health services including social stigma, cultural incompatibility between patients and providers, language barriers, lack of insurance and logistical barriers. In addition, significant differences in socioeconomic status, lifestyle behaviors, and access to care have resulted in health disparities between rural and urban communities (Institute of Medicine, 2004). According to Sulzbacher et alRead MoreMain Components Of The Health Belief Model1246 Words   |  5 Pagesour target community. One theory that could help accomplish this goal is the Health Belief Model. One of the key components of the health belief model is perceived susceptibility. A key strategy for our advertising campaign may be to st rengthen the belief that the target population is indeed susceptible thus encouraging involvement. Several of our stated impact objectives could benefit by applying elements of the Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive Theory and Protection Motivation Theory. WhenRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )2269 Words   |  10 PagesWith the implementation of any new program there are bound to be unforeseen errors that causes the plan to be seen as failing when in reality it is just working through some issues. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is going through that process right now. A simple example to point to is the website that was built for the new healthcare system crashing when it was launched. The ACA is also exposing flaws in how healthcare is funded and also projected. With an estimated 32 million people gaining accessRead MoreMental Illness And Substance Abuse Problems1563 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation who have mental illness or substance abuse problems. The first section of this literature review explores programs on help people with mental illness or substance abus e, the second section discusses finding health care for them and lastly, the third section reviews effective discharge planning. Effective Treatment Modalities: Programs Most of the research supports the use of programs to reduce recidivism among formerly incarcerated population with substance abuse and mental issues. This studyRead MoreEssential Aspects Of The American Healthcare System2932 Words   |  12 PagesAmerican health care has evolved since World War Two (eg., who has health insurance, how expensive is health care, what citizen-patient outcomes/life expectancy look like, etc.). If you want to understand why we are the only developed country with an employer-based health insurance — really, the only one — then you had better get familiar with the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The 1954 code is the document in which the federal government codified into law that companies can provide health insurance

Liberalism And The Ethical And Logical Level Essay

One of the fundamental contradictions and issues in Liberalism is the question of the power and neutrality of the state. Liberal neutrality can be understood as the idea that a neoliberal state should not promote any specific concept of perfectionism, social utopia or the ‘’good’’. This is concept is often used in critiques of multiculturalism and collective rights movements. We will be discussing the theories of some liberal authors such as John Rawls, Locke, Mill, Nozick, and Waldron among others whose philosophies clash on the ethical and logical level. We will discuss the following proposal; ‘’the government can no more act†¦ to advance human excellence, or the values of perfection†¦ than it can to advance Catholicism or Protestantism, or any other religion’ (John Rawls). We will then attempt to answer the following questions; why do so many liberals think the state must be ‘neutral’ and what do they mean by it? And why do some liberals disagree? By the conclusion of this essay we aim to have discussed the different liberal stances on state neutrality, such as in classical liberalism or libertarianism. As well as having presented the social domains where state neutrality is proposed among other things. In a first part, discuss various social contract and human nature theories in liberal discourse, paying specific attention to the differences in principles of theory. In a second part, we will argue in favour of the rejection of the notion of state neutrality within theShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment and Societys Views Essay849 Words   |  4 Pageshe has no facts to back anything up. In many essays, diction helps determine the quality of a piece. However, in this case, the big, â€Å"fancy† words make it harder to follow. Mencken sounds condescending, as if to say the reader isn’t on the same level as he is. Quindlan’s essay uses much more straightforward and understandable words and keeps the reader interested with clear points. In Anna Quindlan’s essay, she speaks of having a conflict between her rational feelings, and her â€Å"gut instinct†Read MoreIdealism and Realism in International Relations Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagescountries to visit or negotiation about debatable agreements. International relation, sometimes known as ‘world politics’, began after the First World War. This field of academic study concentrates on the, as its name suggests, the politics on the global level with states as the units, relations between states, and maintaining peace in the international system. Areas of international relations include diplomacy, international law, international finance, etc. Within this field of study, idealism and realismRead MoreKey Differences Between Realism and Neo Realism2781 Words   |  12 Pagesassumption and backed by facts. Theory is a testable concept or idea. In science, a theory is not merely a guess. A theory is a fact-based framework for describing certain occurrence. Scholars have tried to systematize ideas in a more consistent and more logical way than just intuition, and this results in theories in general. The advantage of studying theories of International Relations is that it allows to conduct a more sophisticated analysis of thought about International Relations. Certain theories highlightRead MoreNyerere Education Idea and It Aplication to Conteporary Education System5029 Words   |  21 Pageseducation in Kenya. Theoretical framework The liberal theory Liberalism envisions the ideal society to be one that embraces a wide range of individual liberties. These include, personal dignity, free expression, religious tolerance, right to own property, freedom of association, transparency of government, limitations on government power, the rule of law, equality, free market economy and free trade (Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/Liberalisms). It is incumbent upon government to uphold these freedomsRead MoreAristotle s Views On Soc iety2536 Words   |  11 Pages(What is Happiness? Aristotle vs. Mill, 2012). Aristotle, who bases his theory of happiness on human existence and that we are responsible for our own happiness through our everyday actions, believes that we must work our way up to achieve a certain level of happiness as it all doesn’t come in one dose (Aristotle, 2009). J.S. Mill however, looks at happiness in a different way by saying that people promote happiness in a way that will have a positive effect on the most amounts of people possible. InRead MoreIsrael Palestine Conflict, an International Relations Research Paper8749 Words   |  35 Pagesissues and problems along with the need to resolve them. Finally, the paper analyses the two mainstream solutions suggested for resolution of this conflict, being the ‘Two-State’ theory and the ‘Bi-National State’ theory. IR theories of Realism and Liberalism are used to broadly analyse these two solutions’ applicability in the particular conflict. The practical difficulties in the existing political diaspora is highlighted to finally decide the viability. The limitations of the paper is that the complexRead MoreIsrael Palestine Conflict, an International Relations Research Paper8755 Words   |  36 Pagesproblems along with the need to resolve them. Finally, the paper analyses the two mainstream solutions suggested for resolution of this conflict, being the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Two-Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ theory and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bi-National Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ theory. IR theories of Realism and Liberalism are used to broadly analyse these two solutionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ applicability in the particular conflict. The practical difficulties in the existing political diaspora is highlighted to finally decide the viability. The limitations of the paper is that theRead MoreGod Is Dead2469 Words   |  10 Pages(1724-1804) is normally considered the father of modern religious liberalism. Kant denied the proofs for the existence of God, maintaining that man could know God only through reason. This approach was the outcome of the Enlightenment, which viewed tradition and biblical authority with suspicion and acclaimed the merit of reason.†[4] It was this philosophy that earned Immanuel Kant the title of â€Å"theoretical founder of religious liberalism.† Enns also quotes the following on Kant, â€Å"According toRead MoreCriminal Charges And Its Effect On The Man s Life And The Destruction Of His Property2517 Words   |  11 Pagesand only a while later faced criminal charges and imprisoned. Ironically, while the evidence corroborated that Mr. Thomson acted in self-defense, when police arrived at the scene instead of being commended for exercising exceptional restraint and level-headed control he was charged with four weapons related offences that if convicted could result in his incarceration. Two and a half years later Justice Tory Colvin acquitted Thomas of all charges which included careless use of a firearm, pointingRead MoreChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 Pagesmodern, modernism, and modernisation. The concept of ‘postmodern’ evolves according to different perspectives of the different scholars. C. Wright Mills (1961: 184) treats postmodern as ‘the Fourth Epoch’ following ‘the Modern Age’ when the liberalism and socialism born of the Enlightenment have both virtually collapsed as adequate explanations of the world and the ideas of freedom and of reason have become moot. Ihab Hassan (1971) describes a variety of aesthetic, literary, technological and

Postmodern Consumerism and the Construction of Self Essay...

1. Introduction The words of proverbial wisdom indicate that â€Å"home is where the heart is.† But is this statement as true today as it was fifty, one hundred, or even one hundred fifty years ago? This statement might not be so true anymore. Nowadays, we travel so much and â€Å"leave our heart† in many places, as we make friends and create great memories everywhere we go. This led me to ask the question of what actually is a home in the modern society, particularly in the specific case of transnationally mobile students. In exploring this idea I focus on their consumption choices and their importance to building or preserving identity. As Todd (2012:48) reinforces in her article suggestively entitled â€Å"You Are What You Buy: Postmodern Consumerism†¦show more content†¦Being away from my home, I came to the realization that this particular topic has a lot of potential. Not only students are transiting from their homes, but along with their departures, they are assuming an overall transition. Leaving behind their culture, familiar places and loved ones, students might feel that their identity is also changing, transforming. As I started to read more and more about this topic and other similar studies (Sixsmith, 1986; Cuba and Hummon, 1993; Hanssen and Danielsen, 2004; Hauge and Kolstad, 2007; Woodward, 2011; Lincoln, 2012; McCarthy et al., 2013), I realized the need for more exploration in this field, especially with a focus on young people. Therefore, my thesis’ first chapter will focus on some of the theoretical perspectives related to â€Å"Consumerism† and â€Å"Identity.† After that, another section will develop on the concept of â€Å"Home† and its various meanings. The importance of objects will be pointed out and linked within these sections. The next chapter, Methodology, will present my â€Å"Philosophical Considerations†, along with my choice of methods. I think we live in times where images have a great impact so I decided use this to my advantage, by using participatory visual methods, such as auto-photography and photo elicitation. The Analysis chapter will be structured in three parts: an introduction, followed by a section with a focus on my research participants andShow MoreRelatedDifferences and Similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism863 Words   |  3 Pagestraditional forms of literature, religion, social organization, and most of all, art and architecture, had become outdated in the new social, political, and economic environment of a fully industrialised world. One of the main characteristics of Modernism is self-consciousness, which typically caused exstensive experimentations of form and function. The creative process of generating work was also explored, forming new techniques in design. Modernism rejected all ideology of realism and prefers to referenceRead MoreAnalysis of Colson Whiteheads John Henry Days1515 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Colson Whiteheads John Henry Days is a quintessentially postmodern novel because of its cynical tone, its confluence of imagery, and its treatment of so cial and existential alienation. I. When the protagonist first arrives in West Virginia, his sense of alienation and isolation become poignant: setting the stage for what is becoming a postmodern novel. His experience checking into the hotel as a journalist offers telling evidence of the theme of alienation: The desk man at the hotel gaveRead MoreThe Invasion of Consumerism into the lives of a Post-Modern Family 1762 Words   |  8 PagesThe Invasion of Consumerism into the lives of a Post-Modern Family Consumerism is taking place everywhere. Whether we like it or not, it has come to invade our everyday modern lives. Steven Miles, a lecturer in sociology at the University of Plymouth says How we consume, why we consume, and the parameters laid down for us within which we consume have become increasingly significant influences on how we construct our everyday lives (1). Consumerism has even gotten to the point of affectingRead MoreChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 PagesCHRISTIAN ETHICS IN A POSTMODERN WORLD The Rise of Postmodernity Since Federico de Onis’s use of the term ‘postmodernismo’ to describe the Spanish and Latin-American poetry of 1905-1914 which had reacted against the ‘excess’ of modernism in 1934, (Rose 1991: 171) â€Å"Postmodernism† became very popular. It has been used in the fields of art (Christo-Bakargiev 1987), architecture (Pevsner 1967), literature (Hassan 1971), video, economics, films (James 1991), ideology (Larrain 1994: 90-118), theologyRead MoreEssay on Art Criticism and Art History2671 Words   |  11 Pagesreaction from an audience. A clear example of this is represented in Marcel Duchamp’s ‘L.H.O.O.Q’ where the artist has painted moustache on a copy of the Mona Lisa. This became one of the most well known acts of degrading a famous artwork as Duchamp’s postmodern viewpoint challenged what the image originally had to offer and changed its meaning completely. This ‘degrading’ of the Mona Lisa achieved another level of offence through the title of the image being a pun, which, when translated in French, theRead MoreCleon Bandoo, Nottingham Trent University, 2017. Consumerism1969 Words   |  8 PagesUniversity, 2017 Consumerism is not just the acquisition of things it is the buying of self identity In contemporary society it almost seems that we are profoundly connected and dependant upon consumption , surrounding ideologies that suggest that consumer has invaded to an extent that, when we consume we construct identity, has come to dominate as ‘the new religion of the late 20th century,’ (Miller,) these theories can be connected with â€Å"choice† which serves to tell us that self definition andRead More Constructing Fantasy in Hitchcocks Vertigo Essay3254 Words   |  14 Pagesto draw this film out of the past with a reading that offers not only a new way of understanding it, but a close look at the culture that produced it. Specifically, Vertigo offers its most exciting ideas when contextualized in a culture of consumerism. Consumerism shaped the film, and also shapes the way we view it. The desire of the consumer is the driving force behind not only our economy, but our mode of seeing the world, and seeing films. As consumers, we are always looking for, and looking atRead Morefashion globalization2363 Words   |  10 Pages(Kaiser, 1999: 110). This consequently increases consumer demand for national brands in the international realm and further globalizes the economies and cultures of several nation-states. Consumption is irrefutably a major aspect of capitalism in postmodern society. According to Lash and Urry, to understand contemporary capitalism, one must comprehend â€Å"the extent to which culture has penetrated the economy itself, that is, the extent to which symbolic processes, including an important aesthetic componentRead MoreLiterature Review on Consumer Behaviour16053 Words   |  65 Pagesthe world as a rational and ordered place with a clearly defined past, present, and future. The assumption of rationalism is therefore fundamental to the traditional perspective. The opposing, non-positivist paradigm, envelops the interpretive and postmodern perspectives, which have emerged more recently during the period post-1980 to date. The proponents of this emerging perspective argue that positivism overemphasizes the rational view and the ideology of a homogenous social culture and thereby deniesRead More Japanese Animation and Identity Essay3705 Words   |  15 Pageson Said’s notion of Orientalism, is that any discussion of Orientalism, whether cri tical of it or apologetic for it, goes on only in the West, somewhere distant from supposedly â€Å"Oriental† indigenous people or culture. In other words, not only construction but deconstruction of the dubious entity â€Å"Orient† require the West (the Orient’s agent) to speak for the Orient. Another problem is what Said calls â€Å"a triumph of Orientalism† (323) today, the major source of which is no longer Britain or France

Shed Light On The Ethical Dimension Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Shed Light On The Ethical Dimension. Answer: Introduction Common-based peer production can be described as a socio-economic system of production that is appearing under the environment that is networked digitally. The hallmark of the socio-economic system enabled by the technical uses of internet can be seen as an alliance among the large corporations that are at times range from the order of hundreds to thousands; who work together effectively to share knowledge, information and cultural goods without depending on the managerial hierarchy or on the market pricing in order to coordinate their shared enterprise. It is seen that there are presence of various reasons to understand the unique production system that that has made some effective software, unique technologies for the betterment of the system (Levitt 2017). The purpose of this essay is to shed light on the ethical dimension rather than focusing on the functional dimension. It is seen that Deliverwoo and Uber are two such platform based peer production system and in recent times the platform economies are growing significantly. Discussion Deliveroo is a business organization that has been seen to get accusations regarding unethical actions and the management of the business organization stated that the delivery boys of the institution should be seen as independent workers as they should be treated as self-employed individuals as they get paid in a commission basis. The business model of Deliveroo is a platform based peer production that is similar to the business operation of Uber. The management of Deliveroo and Uber pays thousands of people on a commission basis for Delivering products or driving for the clients and thus they tried to avoid the allegations. It is a matter of fact that the provided guidance to the organization Deliveroo made their own employes getting confused regarding the roles and responsibility of the riders who are responsible to deliver the goods to the clients of the company. These guidelines were given to the organization in order to check and satisfy the dos and the donts of the business org anization. These are clearly unethical actions taken by the management to save the brand-value of the company and as a result of these, the image of the company got lowered and the reputation of the organization got ruined (Levitt 2017). The business organization had also got accusations regarding poor working environment and hostile actions of the male employees on the female employees. Facing this immensely significant challenge the HR department did not take a proper action. However when the news became public, the management of the organization arranged an investigation and took actions against 20 employees who were accused of disrupting the working ambience of the business organization (The Conversation, 2018). In a press meet the management of Uber disclosed the identities of the employees who were terminated by the management in order to cleanse the image of the brand. The management initially thought that by improving the public relation they will be able to get away with the allegation s they have received in recent times (Constantiou, Marton and Tuunainen 2017). Apart from these there are several accusations against the organization regarding the drivers behavioral issues towards the clients of the organization. The management of Uber needs to be aware of the fact that the management needs to spend a fortune to improve the situation and to improve the safety features for both the clients and the drivers working under the organization to improve the situation. In this case it is seen that there is a strong resemblance in the way of expansion of the businesses of Amazon and Uber as they both earned their dominance in the market by rapid investing and providing service at a significantly cheap rate than the other competitors of the market (Graham and Woodcock 2018). It is a matter of fact that the business operations of Uber does not involve the above mentioned costs and rather introduced some new establishment costs in the relatively new market of the organizations operation (The Conversation, 2018). It is seen that Ubers rate of development in the previous financial year was nearing 12 million US dollars that has been raised from various types of investors be it individuals or the institutions lie banks. It can be said that the payment structure for the riders should be in a form of the digital invoice rather than the pay slips. This list that contains dos and the donts are already provided to the employees of the organization and can certainly claim to initiate legal actions against the organization of the distinction between the riders and the employees who are directly under the payroll of the company is not cleared (Butler, 2018). The permanent employees in this case certainly can demand more employment rights and various benefits that may include minimum wage and holidays, sick leaves with full payment and many others. It has been seen that approximately 20 riders filed complaints against the organizations that the organizations does not consider them as the employees of the organizations and on the other hand the management of the organization placed their view stating that those individuals were only commission based self-employed people (Constantiou, Marton and Tuunainen 2017 ). It has been seen that at a time almost 200 riders of Deliveroo protested to get the status of employees of the organization as it is compulsory for them to wear uniforms during their shift and gets fixed rate for delivering the products. These are the gray areas of unethical actions taken by the managements of organizations like Uber and Deliveroo. It is to be mentioned that the operations of the companies based on the platform based peer production system like Uber and Deliveroo can be analyzed by the application of the principles of several ethical theories. Ethical theories provide guidance about making ethically correct decisions and also aim to analyze whether the operations of individuals or companies alike are in line with ethical principles. The theory of Utilitarianism states that while taking an ethical decision, it has to be kept in mind that the consequences of such decision must produce the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people (Lazari-Radek and Singer 2017). The theory of Utilitarianism also states that the actions of individuals and organizations must ensure to maximize the god over the bad. Utilitarianism considers the best decision to be the one which yields the greatest net benefit. It is to be stated that while assessing the benefits the stake holders are to be taken into consideration. To calculate the Utility the consequences of each of the individuals acts are to be taken into consideration and the ultimately the summation of the consequences are to be considered (Barrow 2015). In case of the company Uber the primary stake holders are the drivers and the customers who are the most essential elements of their business. However, Ubers decision to ignore the needs of the drivers and providing safety to the customers in order to avoid the costs to be incurred in the process can be considered unethical. The business model of Uber only focuses on the growth of the company and emerging in new markets however such business model does not have any scope for allocating funds to ensure that the ethical standards of business is met as the company has been facing huge losses (Lownsbrough 2018). Recently Uber has been charged with the claims of sexual harassments from employees and customers alike which provide evidence that the companys policy does not comply with ethical standards. The company Deliveroo has also been posed with claims of couriers. The company Deliveroo does not acknowledge the couriers who are instrumental to the success of the company as employees of the company. The company Deliveroo has claimed the couriers, who make deliveries and takeaways as independent contractors to avoid providing th em with employment benefits like holiday pay, leaves. Thus it can be stated that actions of the company are not in line with the principles of Utilitarianism as the operations of the company have failed to provide maximum benefits for the stakeholders (Mulgan 2014). Another Ethical theory that can be applied to assess the operations of the companies is the theory of virtue ethics. It is to be mentioned that the theory of virtue ethics is considered to be the one of the three major approaches of normative ethics. It primarily focuses on the moral character and virtues as opposed to other approaches that focus on duties, roles and consequences of actions of individuals and organizations alike (Van Hooft 2014). Just like consequentialists primarily attend to consequences and deontologists attend to duties proponents of virtue ethics attend to virtues and moral values. According to this theory, it can be stated that virtue can be considered to be a trait of a persons character which is very well entrenched in the possessor and cannot be acquired over time (Annas 2015). Thus by the application of the theory of virtue ethics it can be stated that Ubers action of not adhering to the needs of the drivers and the safety of the passengers can be considere d to be in violation of the principles of the theory of virtue ethics. The business model of Uber only focuses on the growth and development of the company in new markets and ignores the need for complying with the social standards due to improper allocation of resources and funds. The act of gender discrimination in the workplace and the claims of sexual harassments of the customers provide evidence about the unethical practices in the aforementioned companies. The act of not recognizing the couriers as the employees of the company Deliveroo is also against the principles of the ethical theory of virtue ethics. It can be stated according to this theory that the couriers are persons who make the food deliveries and are the ones who are instrumental in the success of the company and not recognizing them as employees for the purpose avoiding paying them employment benefits. This is against the principles of virtue ethics. It is unethical to treat the couriers as individual contractors who have to wear uniforms during the work shift, are paid a fixed wage rate. The movements of the couriers are also tracked by the company and are subjected to performance review. Therefore it can be said that the couriers of the company perform all the functions of employees but are recognized as independent contractor. Deontology theories are a series of ethical theories that primarily focus on the duties of the individuals to evaluate actions as right or wrong (Letwin et al. 2016). The theories of deontology do not consider the consequences of the actions of individuals as opposed to the theories of consequencialism. It is to be mentioned that the moral status of an act is not to be judged by the consequences of the act but rather the intentions of the agent who is performing the act. According to the theories of deontology it can be stated that morality of an individual involves the respect for the rights of individuals by the performance of their corresponding duties (Bowen and Prescott2015). The operations of Uber can be considered to be unethical judging by the principles of the theories of deontology. Ubers business plan cannot afford to allocate funds for providing safety to customers and rights to the drivers. It is the duty of the company to comply with the ethical standards however; the companys business plan primarily focuses on the growth of the company in new markets. The company Deliveroo also has the responsibility to the couriers to acknowledge them as employees as the company benefits from them. However Deliveroo addresses them as merely self employed contractors so as to avoid paying them the minimum wage rate as prescribed by the government and other employment benefits. Conclusion Thus it can be said that It is seen that there are numerous issues that hails from the ways of business operations of organizations like Deliveroo and Uber; and those issues are especially regarding the actions of the organizations like whether those are ethical or not. The business operation of Uber is backed up by the immense ambition of the management of the organization. Recently it has been experienced various times that the organizations got involved in various scandals that include sexual harassments and efforts to suppressing the evidences of such crimes. These are clearly unethical actions taken by the management to save the brand-value of the company and as a result of these, the image of the company got lowered and the reputation of the organization got ruined. Further by the application of the three ethical theories it can be stated that the operations of the businesses are clearly unethical. Bibliography Annas, J., 2015. Applying virtue to ethics.Journal of Applied Philosophy,32(1), pp.1-14. Barrow, R., 2015.Utilitarianism: A contemporary statement. Routledge. Bowen, S.A. and Prescott, P., 2015. Kants contribution to the ethics of communication.Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics,12, pp.38-44. Butler, S. (2018).Deliveroo accused of 'creating vocabulary' to avoid calling couriers employees. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/apr/05/deliveroo-couriers-employees-managers [Accessed 27 Feb. 2018]. Constantiou, I., Marton, A. and Tuunainen, V.K., 2017. Four Models of Sharing Economy Platforms.MIS Quarterly Executive,16(4). de Lazari-Radek, K. and Singer, P., 2017.Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Graham, M. and Woodcock, J., 2018. Towards a fairer platform economy: introducing the Fairwork Foundation. Letwin, C., Wo, D., Folger, R., Rice, D., Taylor, R., Richard, B. and Taylor, S., 2016. The right and the good in ethical leadership: Implications for supervisors performance and promotability evaluations.Journal of Business Ethics,137(4), pp.743-755. Levitt, T., 2017.The Company Citizen: Good for Business, Planet, Nation and Community. Routledge. Lownsbrough, H. (2018).Ubers practices are morally unacceptable but a boycott wont help | Hannah Lownsbrough.the Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/13/uber-practices-company-london-consumer-sumofus Mulgan, T., 2014.Understanding utilitarianism. Routledge. Solon, O. (2018).Uber fires more than 20 employees after sexual harassment investigation.the Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/06/uber-fires-employees-sexual-harassment-investigation Stanoevska-Slabeva, K., Lenz-Kesekamp, V. and Suter, V., 2017. Platforms and the Sharing Economy: An Analysis EU H2020 Research Project Ps2Share: Participation, Privacy, and Power in the Sharing Economy, 2017. The Conversation. (2018).Uber can't be ethical its business model won't allow it. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/uber-cant-be-ethical-its-business-model-wont-allow-it-85015 [Accessed 27 Feb. 2018]. Van Hooft, S., 2014.Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge.